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                  <text>This Collection illustrates how medievalism has always existed â€˜in plain viewâ€™ in Australian public life, as a conspicuous cultural memory ghosting Australiaâ€™s modernity. It focuses on discourses about, debates over, and changing interpretations of i) Australiaâ€™s medievalist political and religious institutions and rituals, ii) its architecture, and iii) its civic environment. In this Collection are items relating to all three of these key areas. Firstly, you will find items that point to the medieval influences and inflections that still permeate and influence our political, legal and religious institutions and traditions. Secondly, you will find numerous examples of neo-gothic and neo-romanesque architecture, and some cases where architectural features are known to have been modelled on specific medieval buildings. Thirdly, you will find items relating to the ways in which medievalism is incorporated into our civic environments and expressed through statues, monuments and war memorials.</text>
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                <text>An image of a tower at Kryal Castle. A tourist attraction located 8km from Ballarat in Victoria, Kryal Castle was built in 1972 (opened in 1974) by Keith Ryall.&#13;
&#13;
Described as â€˜Australiaâ€™s unique medieval castleâ€™, Kryal Castle can also be hired for weddings, conferences, functions, and special events.&#13;
&#13;
Its medieval architectural features include crenellation, a moat, and a defended gate with flanking towers, drawbridge and a porticullis. </text>
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                  <text>This Collection illustrates how medievalism has always existed â€˜in plain viewâ€™ in Australian public life, as a conspicuous cultural memory ghosting Australiaâ€™s modernity. It focuses on discourses about, debates over, and changing interpretations of i) Australiaâ€™s medievalist political and religious institutions and rituals, ii) its architecture, and iii) its civic environment. In this Collection are items relating to all three of these key areas. Firstly, you will find items that point to the medieval influences and inflections that still permeate and influence our political, legal and religious institutions and traditions. Secondly, you will find numerous examples of neo-gothic and neo-romanesque architecture, and some cases where architectural features are known to have been modelled on specific medieval buildings. Thirdly, you will find items relating to the ways in which medievalism is incorporated into our civic environments and expressed through statues, monuments and war memorials.</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Holy Trinity Anglican Church is in the northern Tasmanian city of Launceston. The church was designed by local architect Alexander North (1858-1945) and consecrated in 1902. The brick building is in the Gothic Revival style and features numerous relief sculptures around the exterior of the church. These include foliage, grotesque winged creatures, and a lion holding a heraldic shield.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;The church website is at: &lt;a href="http://www.holytrinitylaunceston.org/" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.holytrinitylaunceston.org/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;For&amp;nbsp;external photographs see&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://ausmed.arts.uwa.edu.au/items/show/975" target="_self"&gt;http://ausmed.arts.uwa.edu.au/items/show/975&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://ausmed.arts.uwa.edu.au/items/show/969" target="_self"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://ausmed.arts.uwa.edu.au/items/show/969&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://ausmed.arts.uwa.edu.au/items/show/966" target="_self"&gt;http://ausmed.arts.uwa.edu.au/items/show/966&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://ausmed.arts.uwa.edu.au/items/show/975" target="_self"&gt;http://ausmed.arts.uwa.edu.au/items/show/975&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://ausmed.arts.uwa.edu.au/items/show/969" target="_self"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://ausmed.arts.uwa.edu.au/items/show/969&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://ausmed.arts.uwa.edu.au/items/show/966" target="_self"&gt;http://ausmed.arts.uwa.edu.au/items/show/966&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;The Uniting Church in the Tasmanian town of Ross was built as the Wesley Church in 1885. The building is in the Gothic Revival style and features lancet windows, a pointed arch entrance, buttresses, clock moldings, and a tower topped by a spire. The interior has a vaulted ceiling with&amp;nbsp;oregon pine&amp;nbsp;beams.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;For the exterior see &lt;a href="http://ausmed.arts.uwa.edu.au/items/show/960" target="_self"&gt;http://ausmed.arts.uwa.edu.au/items/show/960&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>McLeod, Shane</text>
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                <text>This poem has links with medievalism through its reference to &amp;lsquo;the Templars&amp;rsquo;. However, the Templars to whom it refers are not the famous medieval order of crusading knights but rather the crusading nineteenth-century temperance society, the I.O.G.T. The anonymous writer accuses Sir Henry Parkes (P-RK-S) of joining with, or rather of making use of, the temperance league for vested political interests. Presumably, the wily NSW premier was being accused of securing temperance votes by any means possible; including offering false &amp;lsquo;pledges.&amp;rsquo; At the time, Parkes was into his fourth premiership, which he secured on a Free Trade ticket. He later managed to attain the office for a fifth time, equalling the accomplishment of his old rival Sir John Robertson. It is unlikely that Parkes ever seriously entertained the idea of enforcing temperance on the colony; he was too canny and his own fondness for champagne was too well known (see A. W. Martin, 'Parkes, Sir Henry (1815&amp;ndash;1896)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, &lt;a href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/parkes-sir-henry-4366" target="_blank"&gt;http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/parkes-sir-henry-4366&lt;/a&gt;). He did, however, &amp;ldquo;regulate the liquor trade&amp;rdquo; in 1881, which pleased the temperance groups momentarily. The final stanza of the poem announces &amp;ldquo;When all the world is turned teetotal / Then P----s will leave the pleasant bottle, / But that&amp;rsquo;s in dim hereafter.&amp;rdquo; The anonymous Bulletin contributor also upbraids Sir Henry (and presumably politicians in general) for failing to maintain and justify &amp;lsquo;broken&amp;rsquo; political pledges, for reasons only hinted at here.</text>
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                <text>&amp;lsquo;Eating the Leek&amp;rsquo; (Henry V, Act V, Scene I), &lt;em&gt;The Bulletin&lt;/em&gt;, 4 March 1893.</text>
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                <text>This political cartoon by &amp;lsquo;Hop&amp;rsquo; enacts a scene from William Shakespeare&amp;rsquo;s historical play, &lt;em&gt;Henry V&lt;/em&gt;. In the scene, Fluellen the Welshman angrily berates the unfortunate Pistol, a crony of Sir John Falstaff, and forces him to eat a raw leek. The cartoon, Louise D&amp;rsquo;Arcens suggests, uses this rather cryptic information &amp;ldquo;to depict the recent appointment of the New South Wales governor Sir Robert Duff by the British Prime Minister Gladstone,&amp;rdquo; (Louise D&amp;rsquo;Arcens, &lt;em&gt;Old Songs in the Timeless Land: Medievalism in Australian Literature 1840-1910&lt;/em&gt;, Turnhout, Brepols, 2011, p.182). The &amp;lsquo;leeks&amp;rsquo; both seem equally unpalatable to the protesting recipient(s): Pistol and the Premier Sir George Dibbs respectively. The fact that Mr Gladstone and Her Majesty&amp;rsquo;s Government would appoint the next Governor without approval from the NSW Government indicates the lesson in humility that was forced upon the colony by Whitehall. Ironically, the John Bull figure holds a switch with the words &amp;lsquo;Silken Bond&amp;rsquo; written upon it. This sounds suspiciously like &amp;ldquo;an iron fist in a velvet glove&amp;rdquo; rationale to contemporary ears.</text>
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                  <text>This Collection examines literary medievalism from the mid-nineteenth century to the present day. It traces an arc from the populist literary medievalism of the nineteenth century, through the more rarefied modernist turn of the mid-twentieth century, to the re-emergence of popular forms such as childrenâ€™s literature and fantasy since the 1980s. In this Collection you will find items relating to printed medievalist works and also to medievalism operating in print, for example in references to medieval events, people, and literature in nineteenth- and twentieth-century texts and dramatic works.</text>
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                <text>&amp;lsquo;Jack Cade: A Tribute to the Much-Maligned Patriot (see &amp;lsquo;Henry VI&amp;rsquo; Second Part. Act IV. Scene X)&amp;rsquo;, &lt;em&gt;The Bulletin&lt;/em&gt;, 8 December 1894.</text>
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                <text>Alexander Iden, doggerel, Henry VI Part II, Jack Cade, John Bull, Kent, London, poetry, political commentary, rebellion, revolt, roast beef,  verse, Victor J. Daley (1858-1905), William Shakespeare (c.1564-1616). </text>
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                <text>Victor Daley was an Irishman who came to Australia as a young man. He wrote romantic verse and was referred to by Vivian Smith as, &amp;ldquo;one of the most attractive poets of the nineties in Australia&amp;rdquo; (Vivian Smith, &amp;lsquo;Poetry&amp;rsquo;, &lt;em&gt;The Oxford History of Australian Literature&lt;/em&gt;, ed. by Leonie Kramer, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1981, p.319). He also wrote under the pen-name Creeve Roe (trans. &amp;lsquo;Red Branch&amp;rsquo;), which conjures the image of a &amp;ldquo;Celtic bard singing ancient songs&amp;rdquo; in an unmistakably Antipodean context (Louise D&amp;rsquo;Arcens, &lt;em&gt;Old Songs in the Timeless Land: Medievalism in Australian Literature 1840-1910&lt;/em&gt;, Turnhout, Brepols, 2011, p.124). In this period poem, Daley praises the memory of Jack Cade, a Kentish rebel leader who died in 1450. The poem critiques Shakespeare&amp;rsquo;s treatment of Cade in Henry VI, Part II. Daley&amp;rsquo;s objective seems to be setting the record straight and praising Jack Cade for his courage. He also seeks to summon local resistance to social values that he thinks have no place in an Australian bush setting. Addressing the English Bard directly he states, &amp;ldquo;I think thy mediaeval / social views suit not this clime.&amp;rdquo; The denouement, which involves a fight between the well-nourished Kentish squire Alexander Iden and the near-starving disconsolate rebel Cade, produces imagery of John Bull, over-stuffed with English beef, taking-on those who are ill-prepared for resistance. It is a decidedly one-sided encounter, and the outcome &amp;ndash; Cade&amp;rsquo;s death &amp;ndash; is never seriously in doubt. The rationale for condemnation is that the likes of Alexander Iden, depicted &amp;ldquo;Gasconading in his garden,&amp;rdquo; frequently attract undeserved honours and knighthoods, while the impoverished people (Jack Cade among them) fare ignominiously. The poem closes after encouraging the downtrodden to take their lead from Cade, and concludes with a toast to the memory of his brave deeds.</text>
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                <text>Victor J. Daley </text>
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                <text>The Bulletin</text>
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                <text>The Bulletin</text>
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                <text>8 December 1894 (p. 22)</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="23623">
                <text>Public Domain</text>
              </elementText>
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        <name>Alexander Iden</name>
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        <name>Kent</name>
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        <name>Victor J. Daley (1858-1905)</name>
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                  <text>Medievalism on the Page</text>
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                  <text>This Collection examines literary medievalism from the mid-nineteenth century to the present day. It traces an arc from the populist literary medievalism of the nineteenth century, through the more rarefied modernist turn of the mid-twentieth century, to the re-emergence of popular forms such as childrenâ€™s literature and fantasy since the 1980s. In this Collection you will find items relating to printed medievalist works and also to medievalism operating in print, for example in references to medieval events, people, and literature in nineteenth- and twentieth-century texts and dramatic works.</text>
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                <text>&amp;lsquo;Bards of the Backblocks: Knights of Chance&amp;rsquo;, &lt;em&gt;The Bulletin&lt;/em&gt;, 26 May 1900.</text>
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                <text>Adventuring, Australian national character, backblocks, bard, city, E. J. Brady (1869-1952), Federation, freedom, knight, lance, nationalism, romanticisation, rural economy, New South Wales, NSW.</text>
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                <text>To describe everyday life in colonial Australia as entirely rural-based in 1900 would be misleading, for the country&amp;rsquo;s major urban centres, particularly Sydney and Melbourne, housed much of the population and fuelled its commercial vitality (see F. K. Crowley (ed.), &lt;em&gt;A New History of Australia,&lt;/em&gt; Richmond, William Heinemann, 1984, p. 261). Yet, the author of these verses, E. J. Brady, romanticises the ordinary Australian&amp;rsquo;s willingness to &amp;lsquo;chance their luck&amp;rsquo; on bold ventures: E.g., prospecting for gold, running sheep and cattle in the water-scarce &amp;lsquo;backblocks,&amp;rsquo; harvesting pearls in the N.W., and shipping commodities all over the world. Brady clearly favoured the &amp;ldquo;adventuring life,&amp;rdquo; valuing rural freedom over machine-shop slavery in the noxious urban sprawl (Louise D&amp;rsquo;Arcens,&lt;em&gt; Old Songs in the Timeless Land: Medievalism in Australian Literature 1840-1910&lt;/em&gt;, Turnhout, Brepols, 2011, p.141). The propensity for romanticising the Australian present by conflating it with a medieval past was not unusual at the time. The Bulletin published (and made room for) quite a lot of this type of &amp;lsquo;backblocks&amp;rsquo; versification, which &amp;ldquo;was not only determinedly populist and disposable but also extremely cursory in its medievalism, ransacking the popular imaginary indiscriminately for tropes and terms that signified instantaneously and superficially as &amp;lsquo;medieval&amp;rsquo;&amp;rdquo; (D&amp;rsquo;Arcens, 19). That much is apparent from the poem, with its comparatively stock imagery and reliance on &amp;lsquo;the bygone days of yore&amp;rsquo; for inspiration: the &amp;ldquo;Barons of Bold Adventure, Kings of the stout free lance&amp;rdquo;. Yet Brady, who was a long-standing member of the Australian Socialist League (See John B. Webb, A Critical Biography of Edwin James Brady 1869-1952, University of Sydney PhD Thesis, 1972 p.9), evidently envisaged entire communities of unburdened &amp;lsquo;emancipated&amp;rsquo; workers &amp;ldquo;roaming the countryside and working at will,&amp;rdquo; like so many questing medieval knights (D&amp;rsquo;Arcens, p.140). It is likely that Brady was appealing to the resolve that was forming and cohering as a result of the recent Federation debates (c. 1897-98) which, having filtered down into everyday exchange sought to persuade and unite the colonies under the one flag and banner.</text>
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                <text>E. J. Brady</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>The Bulletin</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="23645">
                <text>The Bulletin</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="23646">
                <text>26 May 1900 (p. 3)</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="23647">
                <text>Public Domain</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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        <name>Adventuring</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="5090">
        <name>Australian national character</name>
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      <tag tagId="5091">
        <name>backblocks</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="2337">
        <name>bard</name>
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      <tag tagId="5092">
        <name>city</name>
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      <tag tagId="5093">
        <name>E. J. Brady (1869-1952)</name>
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      <tag tagId="455">
        <name>federation</name>
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      <tag tagId="1029">
        <name>freedom</name>
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      <tag tagId="96">
        <name>knight</name>
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      <tag tagId="477">
        <name>nationalism</name>
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      <tag tagId="106">
        <name>New South Wales</name>
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      <tag tagId="338">
        <name>NSW</name>
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      <tag tagId="2699">
        <name>romanticisation</name>
      </tag>
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        <name>rural economy</name>
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                  <text>Medievalism on the Page</text>
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                  <text>This Collection examines literary medievalism from the mid-nineteenth century to the present day. It traces an arc from the populist literary medievalism of the nineteenth century, through the more rarefied modernist turn of the mid-twentieth century, to the re-emergence of popular forms such as childrenâ€™s literature and fantasy since the 1980s. In this Collection you will find items relating to printed medievalist works and also to medievalism operating in print, for example in references to medieval events, people, and literature in nineteenth- and twentieth-century texts and dramatic works.</text>
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                <text>&amp;lsquo;Rival Saints&amp;rsquo; &lt;em&gt;The Bulletin&lt;/em&gt;, 2 May 1903.</text>
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                <text>Budget, Federation, Livingston Hopkins aka â€˜Hopâ€™ (1846-1927), Manifesto, New South Wales, NSW politics, politics, sainthood, saints, sanctity, showmanship, Sir George Reid (1845-1918), Sir Joseph Carruthers (1856-1932), stained glass, taxation.</text>
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                <text>This 1903 Bulletin cover by Hop, which lampoons NSW politicians Sir George Reid (the Freetrade advocate) and Sir Joseph Carruthers (illustrated here holding a copy of his reform policy), draws on medievalism by depicting them as saints in stylised medieval stained glass windows. The figure on the left, Sir George Reid, is monocled, generously rotund, and wearing a walrus moustache. He was at various times the NSW Premier, Australian Prime Minister, and in later years, Australian High Commissioner. Although the cartoon depicts him openly displaying the word Federation on his ample frontage, he is generally regarded as having been somewhat ambivalent about its future (W. G. McMinn, 'Reid, Sir George Houstoun (1845&amp;ndash;1918)', &lt;em&gt;Australian Dictionary of Biography&lt;/em&gt;, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/reid-sir-george-houstoun-8173). Elsewhere in the same issue, The Bulletin takes Sir Joseph Carruthers&amp;rsquo; Manifesto, which he is shown holding here, to task, dismissing it because &amp;ldquo;There is not a word about taxation, not a word about borrowing, nor about spending loan money&amp;rdquo; (See &lt;em&gt;The Bulletin&lt;/em&gt;, 2 May, 1903, p.9). Hop&amp;rsquo;s cartoon suggests that neither of these figures is deserving of the recognition of sainthood, regardless of their titles, bluster, and showmanship.</text>
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                <text>Livingston Hopkins (â€˜Hopâ€™)</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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                <text>The Bulletin</text>
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                <text>The Bulletin</text>
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                <text>2 May 1903 (Cover)</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="23689">
                <text>Public Domain</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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