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                  <text>Medievalism on the Streets</text>
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                  <text>This Collection analyses popular medievalism in material and public culture from the mid-nineteenth century to the present, with an emphasis on popular medievalist theatre, parades and public spectacles, as well as recreational, literary and political associations. It explores the ways in which medievalism was not simply derivative but also local and disctinctive. In this Collection you will find items relating to medievalism in public contexts and popular culture, and the revisitation or reenactment of the Middle Ages by groups such as the Society for Creative Anachronism.</text>
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                <text>Parading with Banners at Carnevale, Fremantle, Western Australia </text>
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                <text>Carnevale, carnival, carnivale, Catholic Church, Catholicism, Church, costume, custom, disorder, Feast of Epiphany, festival, festivity, Fremantle, Lent, mask, masquerade, medieval custom, medieval festival, parade, popular festival, ridicule, ritual, Shrove Tuesday, tradition, Western Australia, WA, banner, banners</text>
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                <text>Costumed revellers parading down Fremantleâ€™s cappuccino strip in Western Australia during the 2011 Fremantle Carnevale parade.&#13;
Carnevale is a traditional community festival that temporarily promotes disorder and frivolity using masquerade, cross-dressing, music, dance and the popular or ritualised ridicule of authority figures. In the medieval period, it came to be strongly associated with the Catholic period of Lent. Carnevale was thereafter regarded as a time for festivity and light-hearted jest beginning with the Feast of the Epiphany and lasting until Shrove Tuesday, when the church bells would toll to signal the beginning of Lent.</text>
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                <text>McEwan, Joanne</text>
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                  <text>This Collection illustrates how medievalism has always existed â€˜in plain viewâ€™ in Australian public life, as a conspicuous cultural memory ghosting Australiaâ€™s modernity. It focuses on discourses about, debates over, and changing interpretations of i) Australiaâ€™s medievalist political and religious institutions and rituals, ii) its architecture, and iii) its civic environment. In this Collection are items relating to all three of these key areas. Firstly, you will find items that point to the medieval influences and inflections that still permeate and influence our political, legal and religious institutions and traditions. Secondly, you will find numerous examples of neo-gothic and neo-romanesque architecture, and some cases where architectural features are known to have been modelled on specific medieval buildings. Thirdly, you will find items relating to the ways in which medievalism is incorporated into our civic environments and expressed through statues, monuments and war memorials.</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;Newspaper Article&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article50059249" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article50059249&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Adolf Hitler, Hitler, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), architecture, art, Bavaria, Bayreuth, burgher, Burgomaster Nusch, cathedral, church, commander-in-chief Tilly, â€œDer Meistertrunkâ€, Dinkelsbuhl, education, engraving, festival, Friedrich Schiller (1759-1805), Germany, German folklore, gothic architecture, â€˜heroic pastâ€™, historical plays, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), journeyman, Master, medieval city, medieval craft, medieval housing, medieval town, merchant, Nazi parades, Nuremburg, pageant, Peasantsâ€™ Revolt (1525), Rathaus (Town Hall), religion, Roder gate, Rothenburg, school pilgrimages, St James, St Marcus Tower, Thirty Yearsâ€™ War (1618-1648), Tillman Riemenschneider (1460-1531), tradition, Wagner festival, walled town, Whitsuntide</text>
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                <text>In this article, John T. McMahon discusses a visit to Rothenburg in 1936, which he describes as â€œthe finest surviving example of a medieval city with its walls, gates and towersâ€. After giving a brief history of Rothenburgâ€™s medieval past, its conversion to Protestantism after the Peasantsâ€™ Revolt in 1525 and its involvement in the Thirty Yearsâ€™ War, he recounts a folkloric tale about Burgomaster Nusch saving the town from being plundered in 1621, by plying the Catholic Commander-in-Chief Tilly and his Imperial soldiers with large quantities of wine and himself accepting a challenge to drink the contents of a very large goblet. This tale, McMahon suggests, began the tradition of performing the historical festival play, â€œDer Meistertrunkâ€, in the Rathaus (Town Hall) every Whitsuntide. He then moves on to discuss what he coins as â€œHitlerâ€™s Historical Programmeâ€. In Nazi Germany, he suggests, there is a renewed interest in German folklore, a â€œrenaissance of interest in the heroic stories of the German peopleâ€. As well as the festival play in Rothenburg, he cites school pilgrimages to the homes of Goethe and Schiller, the founding of museums, and parades in historically significant locations such as Nuremburg as examples of this trend. He commends the â€œfar-reaching educative influence of such a treatment of historyâ€, suggesting that â€œwe could, with profit, do much more of that form of pageantry in school entertainments and occasional celebrationsâ€. He concludes, however, by taking issue with Hitlerâ€™s stance on religion. Not only were the church steeples and shrines he saw in Bavaria evidence of the continued importance of religious faith in the â€œsimple God-fearing lives of peasant farmersâ€, he argues, the continuing legacy of gothic churches such as St James (built in 1373) and ecclesiastical artwork such as Riemenschneiderâ€™s 1478 â€œLast Supperâ€ could simply not be overlooked. </text>
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                <text>5 November 1936, p. 36.</text>
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                  <text>This Collection illustrates how medievalism has always existed â€˜in plain viewâ€™ in Australian public life, as a conspicuous cultural memory ghosting Australiaâ€™s modernity. It focuses on discourses about, debates over, and changing interpretations of i) Australiaâ€™s medievalist political and religious institutions and rituals, ii) its architecture, and iii) its civic environment. In this Collection are items relating to all three of these key areas. Firstly, you will find items that point to the medieval influences and inflections that still permeate and influence our political, legal and religious institutions and traditions. Secondly, you will find numerous examples of neo-gothic and neo-romanesque architecture, and some cases where architectural features are known to have been modelled on specific medieval buildings. Thirdly, you will find items relating to the ways in which medievalism is incorporated into our civic environments and expressed through statues, monuments and war memorials.</text>
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                <text>Spirit of Festival: What Lies Behind the Carol, &lt;em&gt;The West Australian&lt;/em&gt;, 24 December 1937</text>
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                <text>Apprentices, book, carol, celebration, Christian tradition, Christmas, Christmas Carols, dancing, drinking songs, festival, festivity, Greccio, medieval custom, melodies, merriment, Miracle plays, Mystery plays, popular tunes, puritan, religious lyrics, revival, singing, song, St Francis of Assisi, tradition, Wynken de Worde. </text>
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                <text>This article from &lt;em&gt;The West Australian&lt;/em&gt; traces the history of Christmas carols back to the medieval period. It dates their origin to the beginning of the thirteenth century, when Francis of Assisi taught children to dance around a model of the manger in the Italian village of Greccio. Subsequently, they were introduced into England through the Mystery and Miracle plays. Although religious in content, the article notes with amusement that the carols were often set to the tune of drinking songs, presumably because they were familiar. Carols and the dances that accompanied them remained popular, the article claims, until Puritan edicts forbade Christmas festivities and all manner of celebration in the seventeenth century. Their survival is credited here to two nineteenth-century English clergymen, who translated a Swedish book of medieval melodies in 1853 and succeeded in reviving interest in carols and old folk songs more generally.</text>
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                <text>TROVE: The National Library, &lt;a href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article41601916" target="_self"&gt;http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article41601916&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;The West Australian&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>24 December 1937, p.15</text>
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                <text>Copyright Expired</text>
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                  <text>Medievalism at the Foundations</text>
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                  <text>This Collection illustrates how medievalism has always existed â€˜in plain viewâ€™ in Australian public life, as a conspicuous cultural memory ghosting Australiaâ€™s modernity. It focuses on discourses about, debates over, and changing interpretations of i) Australiaâ€™s medievalist political and religious institutions and rituals, ii) its architecture, and iii) its civic environment. In this Collection are items relating to all three of these key areas. Firstly, you will find items that point to the medieval influences and inflections that still permeate and influence our political, legal and religious institutions and traditions. Secondly, you will find numerous examples of neo-gothic and neo-romanesque architecture, and some cases where architectural features are known to have been modelled on specific medieval buildings. Thirdly, you will find items relating to the ways in which medievalism is incorporated into our civic environments and expressed through statues, monuments and war memorials.</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;Newspaper Article in The Western Argus.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;National Library of Australia - &lt;font color="#000000" face="Tahoma" size="2"&gt;&lt;font face="Calibri" size="3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article34593995" target="_blank"&gt;http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-&lt;wbr&gt;article34593995&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>The Mace of Parliament</text>
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                <text>authority, black rod, British Empire, ceremony, cross, crown, custom, decoration, emblem, harp, House of Commons, House of Lords, John Beckett (1984-1964), King, Legislative Assembly, Long Parliament (1653), mace, medieval customs, medieval tradition, Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658), orb, ornamentation, Parliament, parliamentary officials, parliamentary personnel, politician, ritual, rose, royal bodyguard, sergeant, serjeant-at-arms, Speaker, symbol, symbol of office, thistle, tradition, Usher of the Black Rod, Victoria, Victorian House of Parliament, waratah, warfare, weapon, weaponry, weapons</text>
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                <text>In this article from the Western Argus, the significance and history of the mace in parliamentary proceedings is explained. The author describes the mace used in the Victorian Legislative Assembly as a sceptre surmounted by a cross, an orb and the crown of England. It is also decorated with the waratah flower of Australia, the rose of England, the thistle of Scotland and the harp of Ireland. The symbolic and ceremonial function of the mace in the opening and closing of parliamentary proceedings is explained, and the history of the mace as a weapon of medieval warfare is noted. The article suggests that the association of the mace with parliament is likely to originate from the medieval period: â€œIn medieval England the king appointed a Royal bodyguard of stalwart men, gaudily uniformed, and each bearing a mace. They came to be known as serjeants-at-arms. When Parliament was divided into two Houses â€“ the Commons and the Lords â€“ two serjeants-at-arms were provided from the Kingâ€™s bodyguard. The institution has survived. With the serjeant-at-arms has remained the mace, not as a weapon but as a symbol of office; and gradually the mace came to be associated with all the ceremonies and customs of the Commonsâ€. The article goes on to explain the traditional rivalry between the House of Commons and the House of Lords concerning the superior authority of the mace or its equivalent in the House of lords, the black rod (in the keeping of The Usher of the Black Rod). Traditional and symbolic rituals involving the mace and the black rod are also described. If the Usher of the Black Rod approaches the House of Commons to summon the Speaker, for example, the door is ceremoniously closed on him and he is required to knock three times and beg admittance. Similarly, the serjeant-at-arms is not permitted to enter the House of Lords without first surrendering the mace to the doorkeeper. </text>
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                <text>National Library of Australia</text>
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                <text>The Western Argus</text>
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                <text>12 January 1932, p. 29.</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                <text>The Western Argus</text>
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                <text>Digitised Newspaper Article</text>
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                <text>English</text>
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