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                  <text>This Collection illustrates how medievalism has always existed â€˜in plain viewâ€™ in Australian public life, as a conspicuous cultural memory ghosting Australiaâ€™s modernity. It focuses on discourses about, debates over, and changing interpretations of i) Australiaâ€™s medievalist political and religious institutions and rituals, ii) its architecture, and iii) its civic environment. In this Collection are items relating to all three of these key areas. Firstly, you will find items that point to the medieval influences and inflections that still permeate and influence our political, legal and religious institutions and traditions. Secondly, you will find numerous examples of neo-gothic and neo-romanesque architecture, and some cases where architectural features are known to have been modelled on specific medieval buildings. Thirdly, you will find items relating to the ways in which medievalism is incorporated into our civic environments and expressed through statues, monuments and war memorials.</text>
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                <text>&lt;div class="gmail_quote"&gt;A view of the red brickwork and vaulted ceiling in the foyer of Winthrop Hall at the University of Western Australia. Groin vaults are produced when two semi-circular barrel or tunnel vaults are intersected at right angles. Vaulted ceilings were a common feature in medieval architecture by the twelfth century.&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
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About Winthrop Hall:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Winthrop Hall was designed by Melbourne architect Rodney Alsop. It was built in a Romanesque style, typified by its rounded arches, arcading, thick walls (they are 9ft thick) and large square tower. The architect described the style as being of Italian ancestry, but notably &amp;ldquo;anglicised and adapted to the local conditions&amp;rdquo; (See Western Mail, 21 April 1932, pp.14: &lt;a href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38891565" target="_blank"&gt;http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38891565&lt;/a&gt;). Winthrop Hall, Hackett Hall to its east, and the Great Gate and the Arts and Administration Building to its west were designed and built together as a group of University Buildings funded by a bequest from The University of Western Australia&amp;rsquo;s first Chancellor, Sir John Winthrop Hackett (1848-1916). Winthrop Hall was officially opened at a ceremony on 13 April 1932.</text>
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                <text>A view of Winthrop Hall and the clock tower at the University of Western Australia. They are built in an Italian or Mediterranean Romanesque style, typified by rounded arches, arcading, thick walls (they are 9ft thick) and the large square campanile tower. When asked about the style of the design, the architect described it variously as â€œRenaissanceâ€, and as being of Italian ancestry, but notably â€œanglicised and adapted to the local conditionsâ€ (See Western Mail, 21 April 1932, pp.14: http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38891565). There was at first, as historian Fred Alexander noted, some concern over â€œthe wisdom of preferring a boldly Mediterranean or Spanish type of architecture to the more familiar neo-gothic style generally favoured by academic authoritiesâ€, but these concerns faded as the buildings began to take shape and by the time Winthrop Hall was officially opened on 13 April 1932, it was highly praised as a fitting commemoration to its founder (See Fred Alexander, Campus at Crawley: A Narrative and Critical Appreciation of the First Fifty Years of The University of Western Australia, F.W. Cheshire, Melbourne, 1963, p.136).&#13;
&#13;
Winthrop Hall was designed by Melbourne architects Rodney Alsop and Conrad Sayce, whose joint entry won an architectural competition held by the University Senate in 1927. The impetus for the competition was a large bequest left by the Universityâ€™s first Chancellor, Sir John Winthrop Hackett, who had died in 1916. Alsop, the senior of the pair, was employed as the lead architect and they began the project of building Winthrop Hall and the Hackett Buildings together. However, they fell out in the process and Sayce left before the buildings were completed. One of the points on which they disagreed was Alsopâ€™s replacement of the clock tower in the original design with the Italian Campanile style tower that stands today (See R. J. Ferguson, Crawley Campus: The Planning and Architecture of The University of Western Australia, University of Western Australia Press, Perth, 1993).</text>
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                <text>A view of the southern side of the Great Gate joining Winthrop Hall to the old Arts and Administration building and the clock tower at the University of Western Australia. The flanking towers of the Gate are square at the base and octagonal at the top, which was supposed to liken it to the Tudor gateways of Oxford and Cambridge colleges (Rodney Alsop, &amp;ldquo;The Architecture of the Hackett Buildings&amp;rdquo;, in &lt;em&gt;Opening of Winthrop Hall: Commemorative Volume and Official Programme, 1932&lt;/em&gt;). The northern side of the Gate features the &amp;ldquo;Five Lamps of Learning&amp;rdquo; mosaic by Mervyn Napier Waller. The clock tower resembles a Renaissance bell tower. Winthrop Hall, Hackett Hall, the Great Gate and the Arts and Administration Building were designed and built together as a group of University Buildings collectively referred to as the Hackett Memorial Buildings. They were funded by a bequest from The University of Western Australia&amp;rsquo;s first Chancellor, Sir John Winthrop Hackett (1848-1916), and were officially opened at a ceremony on 13 April 1932.</text>
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                <text>This article provides a description of Winthrop Hall and the Hackett Buildings at the University of Western Australia by the architect, Rodney Alsop, shortly after they were opened in 1932. Alsop describes the guidelines he was set, namely that there was to be a multi-functional hall capable of seating a large number of people, two other buildings that would house lecture rooms, offices, the University administration, the Guild and a refectory, and that the buildings were to be monumental in order to adequately commemorate their founder, Sir John Winthrop Hackett (1848-1916). Alsop explains his rationale for the lay out of the buildings along three sides of the Court of Honour, (with the fourth side open to what was then known as the Perth-Fremantle road) and the addition of â€˜cloistersâ€™ along the front of the Hackett Hall and the Arts and Administration Building as an attempt to unify the different buildings. He refers to Winthrop Hall repeatedly as a â€˜great hallâ€™ and describes its shape as rectangular with transepts at the ends of the dais â€œafter the tradition of the halls of Englandâ€. He also describes some of its main features, including the rose window and elaborately patterned ceiling in the hall, and the vaulted ceiling, marble floor and colourful mosaics in the foyer.&#13;
&#13;
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                  <text>This Collection illustrates how medievalism has always existed â€˜in plain viewâ€™ in Australian public life, as a conspicuous cultural memory ghosting Australiaâ€™s modernity. It focuses on discourses about, debates over, and changing interpretations of i) Australiaâ€™s medievalist political and religious institutions and rituals, ii) its architecture, and iii) its civic environment. In this Collection are items relating to all three of these key areas. Firstly, you will find items that point to the medieval influences and inflections that still permeate and influence our political, legal and religious institutions and traditions. Secondly, you will find numerous examples of neo-gothic and neo-romanesque architecture, and some cases where architectural features are known to have been modelled on specific medieval buildings. Thirdly, you will find items relating to the ways in which medievalism is incorporated into our civic environments and expressed through statues, monuments and war memorials.</text>
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                <text>architecture, architect, Assisi, thirteenth century, Rodney Alsop, Basilica of San Francesco, Crawley, dais, great hall, Italian influence, organ, Romanesque style, rose window, Sir John Winthrop Hackett (1848-1916), The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, UWA, WA, window, window tracery, Winthrop Hall</text>
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                <text>&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;A view of the large rose window on the eastern wall of Winthrop Hall at The University of Western Australia. Inside the hall, the rose window is a focal point above the dais. Rose windows were popular decorative features of Romanesque and especially Gothic architecture in England and Europe by the thirteenth century.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;About Winthrop Hall:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
Winthrop Hall was designed by Melbourne architect Rodney Alsop. It was built in a Romanesque style, typified by its rounded arches, columns, arcading, sturdy walls (they are 9ft thick) and large square tower. The architect described the style as &lt;span lang="EN"&gt;being of Italian ancestry, but notably &amp;ldquo;anglicised and adapted to the local conditions&amp;rdquo; (See &lt;em&gt;Western Mail&lt;/em&gt;, 21 April 1932, pp.14: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38891565" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38891565&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;). &lt;/span&gt;Winthrop Hall, Hackett Hall to its east, and the Great Gate and the Arts and Administration Building to its west were designed and built together as a group of University Buildings. They were funded by a bequest from The University of Western Australia&amp;rsquo;s first Chancellor, Sir John Winthrop Hackett (1848-1916), and were officially opened at a ceremony on 13 April 1932. Based on photographs taken by Rodney Alsop, Winthrop Hall&amp;rsquo;s architect, in Italy in 1925, the design for the rose window is likely to be based on one at the Basilica of San Francesco in Assisi. (See R. J. Ferguson, &lt;em&gt;Crawley Campus: The Planning and Architecture of the University of Western Australia, &lt;/em&gt;University of Western Australia Press, Perth, 1993, p.41).The Basilica of San Francesco was built between 1228 and 1253. For an image of its rose window, visit: &lt;a href="http://www.therosewindow.com/index-rose2.htm" target="_blank"&gt;http://www.therosewindow.com/index-rose2.htm&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Link to photograph taken at the opening of the Ancient Order of Foresters Hall at Digby, Victoria in September 1873. The link also provides extracts from the Hamilton Spectator regarding the establishment of the Hall. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;strong&gt;About the Ancient Order of Foresters:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;The Ancient Order of Foresters originated in England in the mid-eighteenth century, with the first recorded Foresters meeting being held in Leeds in 1834. The 'Ancient Order'&amp;nbsp;in the friendly society's title probably refers to the medieval origins of foresters. The term entered Middle English via Old French and is first attested in English in 1297. A forester was an officer in charge of a forest, or of growing timber on an estate&amp;nbsp;(&lt;em&gt;Oxford English Dictionary&lt;/em&gt;).The Ancient Order of Foresters established its first branch (court) in Australia in Victoria in 1849.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;The Foresters are a non-profit organisation. The principles of the society are founded on a desire to provide financial and social benefits as well as support to members and their families in times of unemployment, sickness, death, disability and old age. Consequently, the Foresters played a particularly active role in the lives of members and their families during the Depression and both World Wars.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Membership growth was significant during and up to the mid 1940's. At this stage the society had nearly one hundred courts located throughout Victoria, and had representation in all states of Australia. During this period funds raised by Foresters contributed to the construction of approximately twenty Foresters halls throughout the state. These facilities were utilised for meetings and community purposes and halls were used as refuges in times of trauma such as bushfires and floods.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;In the post Second World War period membership began to decline as the social circumstances improved due to the growth of the economy and an abundance of work and improvement in the provision of government benefits. Although the importance of such groups as the Ancient Order of Foresters has declined in recent years, the society through a core of loyal and dedicated members, has never wavered from its original objectives and mission to "serve the community and deserving groups by involvement in social activities and fund raising for charities."&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.forestersfs.com.au/1history.html"&gt;http://www.forestersfs.com.au/1history.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://www.ballaratgenealogy.org.au/digby/dg-aof.htm"&gt;http://www.ballaratgenealogy.org.au/digby/dg-aof.htm&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://www.ballaratgenealogy.org.au/digby/dg-aof.htm"&gt;http://www.ballaratgenealogy.org.au/digby/dg-aof.htm&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>This Collection illustrates how medievalism has always existed â€˜in plain viewâ€™ in Australian public life, as a conspicuous cultural memory ghosting Australiaâ€™s modernity. It focuses on discourses about, debates over, and changing interpretations of i) Australiaâ€™s medievalist political and religious institutions and rituals, ii) its architecture, and iii) its civic environment. In this Collection are items relating to all three of these key areas. Firstly, you will find items that point to the medieval influences and inflections that still permeate and influence our political, legal and religious institutions and traditions. Secondly, you will find numerous examples of neo-gothic and neo-romanesque architecture, and some cases where architectural features are known to have been modelled on specific medieval buildings. Thirdly, you will find items relating to the ways in which medievalism is incorporated into our civic environments and expressed through statues, monuments and war memorials.</text>
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              <text>Newspaper Article:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38950206" target="_blank"&gt;http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38950206&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>amendments, Assembly, Bill, Bulk Handling Bill, clause 20, constitutional government, council, government, â€œGovernment Gazetteâ€, Governor, Houses of Parliament, Kingâ€™s representative, Legislative Assembly, Legislative Council, Ministerial Bench, Mr Ferguson, Mr Johnson, Mr Latham â€“ Leader of the Opposition, Mr Sleeman, Mr Troy â€“ Minister for Lands, Opposition, Order-in-Council, parliament, State Parliament, WA, Western Australia, Western Australian State Parliament, wheat, wheat handling</text>
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                <text>In 1935, a disagreement arose in the WA State Parliament over the implications of proposed amendments to the Bulk Handling Bill. In particular, concern was raised by Mr Latham, the Leader of the Opposition, that an amendment to Clause 20 would invest the Governor with the authority to change its terms and conditions, and would essentially give the Kingâ€™s representative an unprecedented power to vary legislation after it was passed by the two Houses of Parliament. In response to a rebuttal by Mr Troy that the Kingâ€™s representative would only act on the advice of his ministers, this newspaper article cites Mr Latham as saying the Minister must have known he was misleading his members, adding that â€œHe proposed to change the whole system of constitutional government. He was going back to the medieval days of 400 years beforeâ€. The amendment was eventually agreed to by a majority vote, and the Bill was passed.</text>
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                <text>National Library of Australia&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38950206" target="_blank"&gt;http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article38950206&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>This Collection illustrates how medievalism has always existed â€˜in plain viewâ€™ in Australian public life, as a conspicuous cultural memory ghosting Australiaâ€™s modernity. It focuses on discourses about, debates over, and changing interpretations of i) Australiaâ€™s medievalist political and religious institutions and rituals, ii) its architecture, and iii) its civic environment. In this Collection are items relating to all three of these key areas. Firstly, you will find items that point to the medieval influences and inflections that still permeate and influence our political, legal and religious institutions and traditions. Secondly, you will find numerous examples of neo-gothic and neo-romanesque architecture, and some cases where architectural features are known to have been modelled on specific medieval buildings. Thirdly, you will find items relating to the ways in which medievalism is incorporated into our civic environments and expressed through statues, monuments and war memorials.</text>
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&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3754203" target="_blank"&gt;http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3754203&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Bank, business, colony, commerce, commercialisation, Executive, Governor John Stephen Hampton, Henry VIII, legislation, mail, mail carts, â€œmedieval conditionâ€, medieval condition, monetary orders, money, Perth, post office, Western Australia.</text>
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                <text>In the second half of this article, the author draws attention to the positive response with which a plan to establish a system of post office orders in the Western Australian colony had been met. After conceding that there were two or three members of the Executive who opposed the plan on the grounds that it would be dangerous to transport cash on mail-carts, the author goes on to suggest that the real source of the opposition was the W. A. Bank, who did not want to relinquish monopoly on all financial and monetary matters in Western Australia. The author concludes that the proposed system is sorely needed to bring Western Australia into line with the other colonies for the purpose of conducting business, and denounces opposition by negatively linking it to a desire to dwell in the pre-modern past: â€œis the colony always to be kept in a medieval condition by men whose notions appear to be regulated by those which prevailed in the time of Henry the Eighth?â€ </text>
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                <text>National Library of Australia&lt;br /&gt;&#13;
&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN"&gt;&lt;a href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3754203" target="_blank"&gt;http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3754203&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>21 October 1864, p. 2.</text>
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